Source list

Note NI30363 :

Individuals : Alan Walter fitz
Walter FitzAllan (1106 - June 1177) was the first Hereditary High Steward of Scotland (c. 1150-1177), and described as "a Norman by culture and by blood a Breton". He was the third son of a Breton knight, Alan fitz Flaad, feudal lord of Oswestry, by his spouse Aveline, daughter of Ernulf de Hesdin.
aughter of Ernulf
CONC de Hesdin.
findagrave:
1 CONT findagrave:
Walter Fitz Alan (died June 1177) was the 1st hereditary High Steward of Scotland (c1150-1177), and described as "a Norman by culture and by blood a Breton". He was the third son of a Breton knight, Alan Fitz Flaad, feudal lord of Oswestry, by his spouse Aveline, daughter of Ernoulf de Hesdin.
ouse Aveline, daughter of Ernoulf de
When The Anarchy took hold in England and civil war between Empress Matilda and Stephen, Walter rallied to the support of the Empress. Her cause lost, Walter befriended David I who was an uncle of Matilda, and became, appropriately, David's Dapifer or Steward. Accompanied by his brother Simon, Walter came to Scotland about 1136 and fought for Scotland at the Battle of the Standard at Northallerton in 1138 under the command of David I's son, Prince Henry.
Standard at Northallerton in 1138 under the command
He was subsequently appointed by King David I, Steward of Scotland; in 1157 it was confirmed as a hereditary office. David also granted him what eventually comprised Renfrewshire, for the service of five knights; the lands of Paisley, Pollok, Cathcart, and Ayrshire, reconfirmed in a charter in 1157 by Malcolm IV. In 1163 Walter founded, first at Renfrew but shortly afterwards at Paisley, a house of monks of the Cluniac order drawn from the priory of Much Wenlock, in his native county of Shropshire. Walter acquired directly from the Crown the Berwickshire estates of Birkenside and Legerwood on the eastern or left bank of the Leader Water and presented to the monks the church of Legerwood, which they held from 1164 until the Reformation in 1560. The monastery steadily grew and by 1219 became Paisley Abbey.
he monks the church of Legerwood, which
In 1164 he led a force which defeated Somerled, King of the Hebrides (Gaelic "ri Innse Gall") in the Battle of Renfrew.
bbey.
Walter, The Steward, died in 1177 and was interred in the monastery at Paisley, the burying-place of his family before their later accession to the throne.

Note NI30371 :

Individuals : Flaad Alan fitz
Alan fitz Flaad (c.1078- after 1121) was a Breton knight, probably recruited as a mercenary by Henry I, son of William the Conqueror, in his conflicts with his brothers. After Henry became King of England, Alan became an assiduous courtier and obtained large estates in Norfolk, Sussex, Shropshire, and elsewhere in the Midlands, including the feudal barony and castle of Oswestry in Shropshire. His duties included supervision of the Welsh border. He is now noted as the progenitor of the FitzAlan family, the Earls of Arundel (1267-1580), and the House of Stuart, although his family connections were long a matter of conjecture and controversy.
although his family connections were long a matter of conjecture
Fitz (pronounced "fits") is a prefix in patronymic surnames of Norman origin, that is to say originating in the 11th century. The word is a Norman French noun meaning "son of", from Latin filius (son), plus genitive case of the father's forename.
n filius (son), plus
wikipedia.org

Note NI30378 :

Individuals : Spencer Mary Magdalene
LW5B-T16

Note NI30380 :

Individuals : Eleonore Princess of Anhalt
LHWF-RFW

Note NI30385 :

Individuals : von Bradenburg Sophie
Anna Sophia Hohenzollern
Sofie Princess Of Brandenburg
Sophia ( Sofie) Princess von BRANDENBURG
Sofie Electress Of Saxony

Note NI30386 :

Individuals : Wolfenbüttel Magnus Brunswick
Herzog Magnus I von Braunschweig und Wolfenbuttel
Magnus I Brunswick- Wolfenbüttel Duke
Magnus I Welf Brunswick- Wolfenbuttel Duke of Brunswick & Wolfenbuttel
Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel Duke of Brunswick- Gottingen

Note NI30404 :

Individuals : Denmark Margaret Oldenburg of
Mary of Guelders (c. 1434 - 1 December 1463) was the queen consort of Scotland by marriage to King James II of Scotland. She served as regent of Scotland from 1460 to 1463.
rom 1460 to 1463.
Margaret of Denmark (23 June 1456 - 14 July 1486), also referred to as Margaret of Norway, was Queen of Scotland from 1469 to 1486 by marriage to King James III. She was the daughter of Christian I, King of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and Dorothea of Brandenburg.
way and Sweden, and Dorothea of Brandenburg.
Margaret was betrothed to James of Scotland in 1460. The marriage was arranged by recommendation of the king of France to end the feud between Denmark and Scotland about the taxation of the Hebrides islands, a conflict that raged between 1426 and 1460. Her father, King Christian I of Denmark and Norway (the two realms being united at the time under the Kalmar Union), agreed to a considerable dowry. He was in need of cash, however, so the islands of Orkney and Shetland, possessions of the Norwegian crown, were pledged as security until the dowry was to be paid. In July 1469, at age 13, at Holyrood Abbey, she married James III. William Sinclair, 1st Earl of Caithness, was at that time the Norse Earl of Orkney. In 1472 he was made to exchange his Orkney fief to Castle Ravenscraig, so the Scottish throne took the earl's rights in the islands too.

Note NI30405 :

Individuals : Stewart James III
James III (10 July 1451/May 1452 - 11 June 1488) was King of Scots from 1460 to 1488. James was an unpopular and ineffective monarch owing to an unwillingness to administer justice fairly, a policy of pursuing alliance with the Kingdom of England, and a disastrous relationship with nearly all his extended family. However, it was through his marriage to Margaret of Denmark that the Orkney and Shetland islands became Scottish.
t the Orkney and Shetland islands became Scottish.
His reputation as the first Renaissance monarch in Scotland has sometimes been exaggerated, based on attacks on him in later chronicles for being more interested in such unmanly pursuits as music than hunting, riding and leading his kingdom into war. In fact, the artistic legacy of his reign is slight, especially when compared to that of his successors, James IV and James V. Such evidence as there is consists of portrait coins produced during his reign that display the king in three-quarter profile wearing an imperial crown, the Trinity Altarpiece by Hugo van der Goes, which was probably not commissioned by the king, and an unusual hexagonal chapel at Restalrig near Edinburgh, perhaps inspired by the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem.
xagonal chapel at Restalrig near Edinburgh, perhaps inspired by the
9SF6-9Q5
MX3M-74B
L6JP-G3R

Note NI30408 :

Individuals : Oldenburg Anne
99QW-4FH

Note NI30409 :

Individuals : Francois
French Monarch. Oldest son of Henri II and Catherine de Medici. On April 24. 1558 he married the two years older Mary Stuart, Queen of the Scots in the Cathedral Notre Dame –de-Paris. He succeeded his father 14 months later. His mother was overwhelmed by grief and retired for some time to her palace. By this time François was considered to be of age and although he had always been sick and a bit mentally unstable there was no regent appointed for him. He choose the two brothers François and Charles de Guise, his wife's uncles, as his advisors. Due to his state of health they were able to reign the Kingdom by themselves. By the spring of 1560 the opposition to the Guise, supported by the Queen Mother was very powerful and threatened to escalate into a civil war. During a hunting trip he got an ear infection which worsened with every passing day and ended with an abscess in his brain. When the Queen Mother saw her sons end coming she pressured Antoine de Bourbon to give up his right to act as a regent for the next King. She also convinced the dying King to sign a statement in which he declared he had always acted alone and didn't follow his advisors. The Guise had demanded such a statement for their agreement to Catherine's contract with Antoine. He was succeeded by his brother Charles IX. Cathrine very successfully acted as Charles regent until 1563.

Note NI30412 :

Individuals : Stuart Henry Federick
Prince of Wales; son of James I and Anne of Denmark; he died at age 18.

Note NI30413 :

Individuals : Stuart Elizabeth
British Royalty. Queen of Bohemia, she was the eldest daughter of James I of Great Britain and Anne of Denmark. On St. Valentine's Day 1613 she married Elector Palatine, Frederick Von Der Pfalz. Elizabeth had thirteen children. Among them were Karl Ludwig I; Elizabeth, abbess, friend and philosophical correspondent of the philosopher Descartes; Prince Rupert of the Rhine, and Sophia of Hanover. Because of her popularity, Elizabeth was also called "Queen of Hearts." (bio by: MC)

Note NI30414 :

Individuals : Stuart Margaret
British Royalty. Born at Dalkeith Palace, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland, she was the fourth child of James I, King of Great Britain and Anne Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark. She died at fifteen months in Linlithgow Palace, Scotland and was buried at Holyrood Abbey, Edinburgh.

Note NI30415 :

Individuals : Stuart Charles
English Monarch. Born in Fife, he was the second son of King James VI of Scotland (James I of England) and Anne of Denmark. He became heir to the throne upon the death of his older brother Henry in 1612. He succeeded his father in 1625, and on May 1 of that year was married to Princess Henrietta Maria of France by proxy. They were married at Canterbury on June 13, 1625. Charles was crowned at Westminster Abbey on February 2, 1626 without his Roman Catholic queen at his side. Dispute and controversy followed Charles throughout his reign and, like his father, he mismanaged financial and political affairs. Religious disagreement was also becoming a big problem, and his marriage to a Roman Catholic only made matters worse. Continually at odds with Parliament, Charles dismissed his fourth Parliament in 1629, determined to rule without it's advice and the taxes it alone could legally collect. The ensuing period was called the "Eleven Years' Tyranny". He reconvened Parliament twice in 1640, but his reign was trouble. The Scottish riots of 1637 and the Irish Rebellion of 1641 (followed by an attempt by Parliament to impeach the queen) were the catalysts leading up to six years of civil war between Charles' royalist army and the Parliamentary forces led by Oliver Cromwell. The Battle of Preston in August of 1648 was a decided victory for Parliament, and the army decided that peace was impossible while Charles lived. The king was charged with high treason on January 20, 1649. He was sentenced to death on January 27, and beheaded on a scaffold outside the Banqueting House in Whitehall three days later. Charles' final words were "I go from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown, where no disturbance can be." On February 7, the office of King was formally abolished. (bio by: Kristen Conrad)

Note NI30416 :

Individuals : Stuart Robert Bruce
British Royalty. Born at Dunfermline Palace, Fife, Scotland, the sixth child of James I, King of Great Britain and Anne Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark. He was created 1st Earl of Carrick, gained the title of Lord of Annerdail, was created 1st Marquess of Wigtown, created 1st Duke of Kintyre, and gained the title of Duke of Lorne on May 2, 1602. He died 25 days later and was buried at Dunfermline Abbey, Fife, Scotland.

Note NI30417 :

Individuals : Stuart Mary
British Royalty. Born at Greenwich Palace, Greenwich, London, the eighth child of James I, King of Great Britain and Anne Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark. She died at age 2 at Stanwell Park, Surrey, England. She was buried at Westminster Abbey, London. (bio by: Iola)

Note NI30418 :

Individuals : Stuart Sophia
British Royalty. Born at Greenwich Palace, Greenwich, London, the ninth and youngest child of James I, King of Great Britain and Anne Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark. She died the following day, one of five royal siblings to die at or shortly after birth. She was buried at Westminster Abbey, Westminster, London. (bio by: Iola)

Note NI30420 :

Individuals : de Bourbon Henrietta-Maria
British Monarch. Queen consort of King Charles I. The youngest daughter of King Henry IV of France, she was married to Charles by proxy in May of 1625 shortly after his accession to the throne. They were married in person on June 13 of that year. Her Roman Catholic faith made it impossible for her to be crowned in the Anglican service. Though their relationship was initially cold, in time they forged deep bonds of love and affection. She had 10 children, six of whom survived to adulthood. Her faith made her suspect and unpopular, and as England moved toward civil war, she openly sought funds to support her husband. Her concentration on Catholic sources only hindered Charles' efforts. When the war began, the queen was in Europe, but she returned immediately to rally Royalist support. When Charles' position collapsed, she fled to France with her children. Charles' execution in 1649 left her near destitute. She returned to England briefly after the Restoration, but settled permanently in France in 1665. Her financial problems having been settled by a generous pension, she died at Chateau de Colombes at the age of 59. The state of Maryland was named in her honor. (bio by: Kristen Conrad)

Note NI30421 :

Individuals : Stewart Matthew
Fourth earl of Lennox. Regent of Scotland. The eldest surviving son of John Stewart, twelfth or third earl of Lennox (d. 1526), and his wife, Elizabeth (d. after 1556), eighth daughter of John Stewart, first earl of Atholl. He was married to Lady Margaret Douglas.

Note NI30422 :

Individuals : Douglas Margaret
Scottish nobility, Countess of Lennox. She was the daughter of Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus and Margaret Tudor, who was the daughter of Henry VII and widow of James IV King of Scots. Though she was a favorite of her uncle Henry VIII, Margaret twice disgraced herself at his court by her affairs with Lord Thomas Howard and Sir Charles Howard. She later married Scottish exile Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, in 1544. During the reign of Queen Mary, the countess was active at court and kept rooms at Westminster Palace. But with the accession of the protestant Elizabeth I she retired to Yorkshire, where her home became a hotbed of Catholic plotting and intrigue. She succeeded in marrying her son Henry Stewart, Lord Darnley to Mary, Queen of Scots. Margaret was twice imprisoned by Elizabeth for various affronts, but was pardoned both times. Due in large part to the countess's diplomacy, her grandson James was named Elizabeth's heir, and ruled England as James VI. Margaret died at Hackney at the age of 62. She was entombed beside her daughter-in-law. (bio by: Kristen Conrad)

Note NI30425 :

Individuals : Todor Margaret
Scottish monarch, queen consort of James IV. Eldest daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York. She married James on August 8, 1503 at Holyrood. He was 30, she was 14. The marriage was accompanied by a treaty of "perpetual peace" between England and Scotland. They had six children, only their son James survived childhood. The peace treaty ended when James IV invaded England in 1513, where he was killed at Flodden. Margaret became regent for the young James V. On August 6, 1514 she married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, which led to her losing the regency to John Stuart, Earl of Albany. She had one daughter, Margaret, by Douglas. John Stuart obtained custody of the young king, and Margaret fled home to England. She returned to Scotland in 1517, when Douglas abducted the king. Margaret obtained a divorce, and the king escaped Douglas' control and began to rule in his own right in 1527. Margaret then married Henry Stewart, 1st Lord Methven, on April 2, 1528. The couple served as the king's chief advisors for a time. Margaret had one daughter, Dorothea, by Stewart. She died of "palsy" at Methven Castle in Perth at the age of 52. It is because of Margaret that the thrones of England and Scotland would become one after the death of Elizabeth I. (bio by: Kristen Conrad)

Note NI30426 :

Individuals : James IV
Scottish Monarch. The son of James III and Margaret of Denmark, he acceded in 1488 and was crowned at Scone on June 26. As penance for his unwilling part in the death of his father at the Battle of Sauchieburn, James wore an iron chain around his waist for the rest of his life, adding a link for every anniversary year. To promote good relations with England, he married Princess Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, on August 8, 1503. James was a vigorous, effective ruler, and was described as having "wonderful powers of mind, an astonishing knowledge of everything, an unconquerable magnanimity, and the most abundant generosity". He spoke 7 languages, studied literature, science and law, and even tried his hand at dentistry and surgery. Under his patronage the printing press came to Scotland and the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh, St. Leonard's College, St. Andrews, and King's College were founded, and he made it mandatory for the sons of the noble households to attend college. When Henry VIII joined the Holy Alliance against France in 1513 and invaded, James felt it was his duty under the Auld Alliance to come to France's aid, and led one of the largest armies ever to cross the border south into England. There they faced the English forces at Flodden. It was a bitter defeat for the Scots, and James and his son Alexander were killed. The king was 40 years old. He was survived only by his queen and one son, James. (bio by: Kristen Conrad)

Note NI30427 :

Individuals : Stewart Henry VII
English Monarch. He was the son of Edmund Tudor and Margaret Beaufort, who was a descendant of Edward III. His claim to the throne was tenuous at best, but Henry won the crown by defeating Richard III at Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses. He was crowned on October 30, 1485. A Lancastrian, he married Elizabeth of York, the daughter of Edward IV, and united the two factions under the House of Tudor. Henry was then left with the herculean tasks of restoring the power of the monarchy, defeating other claimants to the throne, and replenishing the treasury. It can be debated whether he was a great ruler, but he was most certainly a successful one. He founded a new dynasty, strengthened the throne, and refilled the coffers, both of which had been severely damaged by the Wars of the Roses. Henry died at Richmond at the age of 54, leaving a now rich and powerful nation to his son, Henry VIII. (bio by: Kristen Conrad)

Note NI30428 :

Individuals : York Elizabeth of
English royalty, queen consort of Henry VII. Daughter of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville. She married Henry on January 18, 1486 at Westminster, symbolically ending the Wars of the Roses by joining the houses of York and Lancaster under the house of Tudor. Their marriage appears to have been a happy one, and they had 7 children, four of whom survived to adulthood. Elizabeth died at the Tower of London on her 37th birthday. Henry, despite his reputation for thrift, honoured her with a lavish funeral. (bio by: Kristen Conrad)

Note NI30430 :

Individuals : Bruce Robert the
Scottish Monarch. The son of Robert Bruce, Earl of Carrick and Marjory of Carrick, he was a descendant of Alexander II, King of Scots. He was married to Isabella of Mar in 1295, and Elizabeth DeBurgh in 1302. He was the father of two sons and three daughters. Around 1298, when Scotland was under English rule, he was appointed a Guardian of Scotland along with John Comyn. It was discovered that Comyn intended to sell out his country and become a puppet king under Edward I, and Bruce killed him in 1306. He was then taken to Scone and crowned Robert I in March. He then began a guerilla war against Edward I. While not initially successful, he gradually gained support and captured several castles. In 1314, at the Battle of Bannockburn, although vastly outnumbered, he defeated the English forces. King Edward II agreed to sign the Treaty of Edinburgh in 1328, recognizing Scotland's independence. Gravely ill with leprosy, Bruce died at Cardross the following year. His body was entombed at Dunfermline Abbey, while his embalmed heart was taken on Crusade by Sir James Douglas (Black Douglas) before being returned to Scotland and entombed at Melrose Abbey.

Note NI30431 :

Individuals : Mar Isabella of
Isabella was the first wife of Robert de Brus, King of Scotland
CONT
Born circa 1277, died 12 Dec 1296. Daughter of Domhnall I or Donald, Earl of MarDonald, Earl of Mar and Helen Llywelyn, the illegitimate daughter of Llywelyn the Great. She was the first wife of Robert the Bruce, mother of Marjorie, and the grandmother of Robert II King of Scotland, founder of the royal House of Stuart. Her father was one of the seven guardians of Scotland who believed Robert should be king, and arranged her marriage to Robert de Brus at age 18, and was the first to sign his properties over to the Bruce. Legend has it they were in love, and she became pregnant soon after the wedding, dying after her daughter was born. Robert did not marry again for six years.

Note NI30439 :

Individuals : Howell Catherine Mostyn
LZNL-K3B

Note NI30441 :

Individuals : Mostyn Richard ap Howell
LHVD-66G

Note NI30454 :

Individuals : Boone Squire Maugridge
Squire Boone was born in Bradninch, Exeter, Devonshire, England to George Boone III & Mary Milton Maugridge; he had the following siblings: George Boone IV, Sarah Boone Stover, Mary Boone b. in 1694 d. 1696; Mary Boone b. 1699 d. 1744, John Boone, Joseph Boone, Benjamin Boone, James Boone, & Samuel Boone.
James Boone, &
Some years later the family moved to Exeter, Berks County, PA.
moved to Exeter, Berks County, PA.
Squire married Sarah Morgan 23 July 1720 at the Gwynned Meeting of Quakers, Berks Co, Pennsylvania. Squire died 2 January 1765 and Sarah died 1777; both buried at Mocksville, North Carolina. [Gwynedd Meeting (the location of Squire's wedding) is located in what is now Montgomery County PA. It was Philadelphia County at the time of the wedding.]
It was Philadelphia County at the time of the wedding.]
They had the following children: Sarah, Israel Boone (buried at Joppa Cem.), Samuel, Jonathan, Elizabeth Boone Grant, Daniel Boone (famous pioneer), Mary Boone Bryan, George W., Edward, Nathaniel, Squire Boone Jr., and Hannah Boone Stewart Pennington.
NC Jr., and Hannah Boone Stewart Pennington.
Squire had accompanied his brother George, and his sister, Sarah, to America ahead of their parents.

Note NI30461 :

Individuals : Boone Daniel
From FindaGrave:
Early American Pioneer, Frontiersman. He is remembered for his exploration and settlement of what is now Kentucky, which was then part of Virginia but on the other side of the mountains from the settled areas. He remains an iconic figure in American history, although his status as an early American folk hero and later as a subject of fiction has tended to obscure the actual details of his life. The general public remembers him as a hunter, pioneer, and "Indian-fighter," in spite of the uncertainty of when he lived or exactly what he did. He was born the sixth of eleven children to Squire Boone, a weaver and blacksmith and Sarah Jarman Morgan, who were Quakers and had emigrated to Pennsylvania from England because of their religious beliefs. In 1750 Squire Boone sold his land and moved the family to North Carolina, eventually settling on the Yadkin River, in what is now Davie County, about two miles west of Mocksville, in the western backwoods area. Because he grew up on the frontier, he had little formal education but deep knowledge of the woods and he knew how to read and write, although his spelling was unorthodox. As a young man, he served with the British military during the French and Indian War (1754 to 1763), part of the Seven Years War between Britain and France. In 1755, he was a wagon driver in British General Edward Braddock's drive to push the French out of the Ohio Country, which ended with defeat of the Braddock expedition at what is known as the Battle of the Monongahela. In 1756 he returned home and on August 14, he married Rebecca Bryan, a neighbor in the Yadkin Valley whose brother married one of Boone's sisters. The couple initially lived in a cabin on his father's farm. There were ten children born to this union. In 1758 a conflict erupted between the British forces and the Cherokee, their allies in the French and Indian War (which continued in other parts of the continent). After the Yadkin Valley was raided by Cherokee, the Boones and many other families fled north to Culpeper County, Virginia. He served in the North Carolina militia during this "Cherokee Uprising" and his militia expeditions deep into Cherokee territory beyond the Blue Ridge Mountains separated him from his wife for about two years. In 1762 he moved his wife and their four children back to the Yadkin Valley. By the mid-1760s, with peace made with the Cherokee, colonial immigration into the area increased. The competition of new settlers decreased the amount of game available and he had difficulty making ends meet. He was often taken to court for nonpayment of debts and eventually sold his land to pay off creditors. After his father's death in 1765, he traveled with his brother Squire and a group of men to Florida, which had become British territory after the end of the war, to look into the possibility of settling there. According to a family story, he purchased land near Pensacola, but his wife refused to move so far away from her friends and family. He then moved his family to a more remote area of the Yadkin Valley, and he began to hunt westward into the Blue Ridge Mountains. In May 1769 he began a two-year hunting expedition in Kentucky and in December of that year, he and a fellow hunter were captured by a party of Shawnee Native Americans, who confiscated all of their skins and told them to leave and never return. The Shawnees had not signed the Stanwix treaty, and since they regarded Kentucky as their hunting ground, they considered white hunters there to be poachers. However, he continued hunting and exploring Kentucky until his return to North Carolina in 1771, and returned to hunt there again in the autumn of 1772. In September 1773 he packed up his family and, with a group of about 50 emigrants, began the first attempt by British colonists to establish a settlement in Kentucky. He was still an obscure hunter and trapper at the time and the most prominent member of the expedition was William Russell, a well-known Virginian and future brother-in-law of Patrick Henry. On October 9, Boone's eldest son James and a small group of men and boys who had left the main party to retrieve supplies were attacked by a band of Native Americans, including Delawares, Shawnees, and Cherokees. Following the Treaty of Fort Stanwix, Native Americans in the region had been debating what to do about the influx of settlers. This group had decided, in the words of historian John Mack Faragher, "to send a message of their opposition to settlement.." James Boone and William Russell's son Henry were captured and gruesomely tortured to death. The brutality of the killings sent shock waves along the frontier, and Boone's party abandoned its expedition. This killing was one of the first events in what became known as Dunmore's War, a struggle between Virginia and, primarily, Shawnee Native Americans of the Ohio Country for control of what is now West Virginia and Kentucky. In the summer of 1774 he volunteered to travel with a companion to Kentucky to notify surveyors there about the outbreak of war, traveling more than 800 miles in two months to warn those who had not already fled the region. Upon his return to Virginia, he helped defend colonial settlements along the Clinch River, earning a promotion to captain in the militia as well as acclaim from fellow citizens. After the brief war, which ended soon after Virginia's victory in the Battle of Point Pleasant in October 1774, the Shawnees relinquished their claims to Kentucky. Following Dunmore's War, he was hired by Richard Henderson, a prominent judge from North Carolina, to travel to the Cherokee towns in present North Carolina and Tennessee and inform them of an upcoming meeting. In the 1775 treaty, Henderson purchased the Cherokee claim to Kentucky to establish a colony called Transylvania. Afterwards, Henderson hired him to blaze what became known as the Wilderness Road, which went through the Cumberland Gap and into central Kentucky. Along with a party of about 30 workers, Boone marked a path to the Kentucky River, where he founded Boonesborough. Other settlements, notably Harrodsburg, were also established at this time. Despite occasional Native American attacks, he returned to the Clinch Valley and brought his family and other settlers to Boonesborough in September 1775. Violence in Kentucky increased with the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War (1775 to 1783). Native Americans who were unhappy about the loss of Kentucky in treaties saw the war as a chance to drive out the colonists. On July 14, 1776 his daughter Jemima and two other teenage girls were captured outside Boonesborough by a Native American war party, who carried the girls north towards the Shawnee towns in the Ohio country. He and a group of men from Boonesborough followed in pursuit, finally catching up with them two days later, ambushing them while they were stopped for a meal, rescuing the girls and driving off their captors. The incident became the most celebrated event of Boone's life. In 1777, Henry Hamilton, the British Lieutenant Governor of Canada, began to recruit American Indian war parties to raid the settlements in Kentucky. On April 24, Shawnees led by Chief Blackfish attacked Boonesborough. A bullet struck Boone's leg, shattering his kneecap, but he was carried back inside the fort. While he recovered, the Shawnees kept up their attacks outside Boonesborough, destroying the surrounding cattle and crops. With the food supply running low, the settlers needed salt to preserve what meat they had, so in January 1778, he led a party of 30 men to the salt springs on the Licking River. On February 7, 1778, when he was hunting meat for the expedition, he was surprised and captured by warriors led by Chief Blackfish of the Chilicothe Shawnee. Because his party was greatly outnumbered, he persuaded his men to surrender rather than put up a fight. He and his men were taken to Blackfish's town of Chillicothe, where they were made to run the gauntlet. As was their custom, the Shawnees adopted some of the prisoners into the tribe to replace fallen warriors and the remainder were taken to Hamilton in Detroit. He was adopted into a Shawnee family at Chillicothe, perhaps into the family of Chief Blackfish himself, and given the name Sheltowee (Big Turtle). On June 16, 1778, when he learned Blackfish was about to return to Boonesborough with a large force, he eluded his captors and raced home, covering the 160 miles to Boonesborough in five days on horseback and, after his horse gave out, on foot. During his absence, his wife and children (except for Jemima) had returned to North Carolina, assuming he was dead. Upon his return to Boonesborough, some of the men expressed doubts about his loyalty, since after surrendering the salt making party he had apparently lived quite happily among the Shawnees for months. He responded by leading a preemptive raid against the Shawnees across the Ohio River, and then by helping to successfully defend Boonesborough against a ten-day siege led by Blackfish, which began on September 7, 1778. After the siege, Captain Benjamin Logan and Colonel Richard Callaway, both of whom had nephews who were still captives surrendered by Boone, brought charges against him for his recent activities. In the court martial that followed, he was found not guilty, and was even promoted after the court heard his testimony. After the trial, he returned to North Carolina to bring his family back to Kentucky. In the autumn of 1779, a large party of immigrants came with him, including (according to tradition) the family of future President Abraham Lincoln's grandfather. Rather than remain in Boonesborough, he founded the nearby settlement of Boone's Station and began earning money at this time by locating good land for other settlers. Transylvania land claims had been invalidated after Virginia created Kentucky County, so settlers needed to file new land claims with Virginia. In 1780 he collected about $20,000 in cash from various settlers and traveled to Williamsburg to purchase their land warrants. While sleeping in a tavern during the trip, the cash was stolen from his room. Some of the settlers forgave him the loss; others insisted he repay the stolen money, which took him several years to do. In 1780 he joined General George Rogers Clark's invasion of the Ohio country, fighting in the Battle of Piqua on August 7 of that year. In October, when hunting with his brother Ned, Shawnees shot and killed Ned. Apparently thinking they had killed Daniel Boone, the Shawnees beheaded Ned and took the head home as a trophy. In April 1781 he was elected as a representative to the Virginia General Assembly and traveled to Richmond to take his seat in the legislature, but British dragoons under Banastre Tarleton captured him and several other legislators near Charlottesville. The British released him on parole several days later. During his term, British General Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown in October 1781, but the fighting continued in Kentucky unabated. He returned to Kentucky, and in August 1782, fought in the Battle of Blue Licks, in which his son Israel was killed. In the Battle of Blue Licks he led a militia to Lower Blue Licks where he failed to win the battle. He was outnumbered at the battle and out maneuvered and unprepared. At the battle he gave a stray horse to his son Israel, but he was mortally wounded. Later Boone found his son dead and took the horse he gave to his son to escape the battlefield. In November 1782, he took part in another Clark expedition into Ohio, the last major campaign of the war. County. After the Revolutionary War, he resettled in Limestone (renamed Maysville, Kentucky), then a booming Ohio River port. In September 1786 he took part in a military expedition into the Ohio Country led by Benjamin Logan, which would be the last time that he saw military action. In 1787 he was elected to the Virginia state assembly as a representative from Bourbon County. In Maysville, he kept a tavern and worked as a surveyor, horse trader, and land speculator. He was initially prosperous, owning seven slaves by 1787, a relatively large number for Kentucky at the time. However, he soon began to have financial troubles. He engaged in land speculation on a large scale, buying and selling claims to tens of thousands of acres. The land market in frontier Kentucky was chaotic, and his ventures ultimately failed because his investment strategy was faulty and because his decency made him reluctant to profit at someone else's expense. In 1788, frustrated with the legal hassles in land speculation, he moved upriver to Point Pleasant, Virginia (now West Virginia) where he operated a trading post and occasionally worked as a surveyor's assistant. When Virginia created Kanawha County in 1788, he was appointed lieutenant colonel of the county militia. In 1791, he was elected to the Virginia legislature for the third time. He contracted to provide supplies for the Kanawha militia, but his debts prevented him from buying goods on credit, so he closed his post and returned to hunting and trapping. In 1795 he and his family moved back to Kentucky, living in Nicholas County on land owned by their son Daniel Morgan Boone. The next year he applied to Isaac Shelby, first governor of the new state of Kentucky, for a contract to widen the Wilderness Road into a wagon route, but the contract was awarded to someone else. In the meantime, lawsuits over conflicting land claims continued to make their way through the Kentucky courts and his remaining land claims were sold off to pay legal fees and taxes, but he no longer paid attention to the process. In 1798 a warrant was issued for his arrest after he ignored a summons to testify in a court case, although the sheriff never located him. That same year, Kentucky named Boone County in his honor. In 1799 he and his family left Kentucky and moved to a frontier area then part of Spanish Louisiana, near Saint Louis (in the present-day state of Missouri). The Spanish, eager to promote settlement in the sparsely populated region, did not enforce the requirement that all immigrants had to be Roman Catholic. Looking to make a fresh start, Boone moved with much of his extended family to what is now St. Charles County. The Spanish governor appointed Boone "syndic" (judge and jury) and commandant (military leader) of the Femme Osage district. He served as syndic and commandant until 1804, when the area became part of the Louisiana Territory of the US following the Louisiana Purchase. Because his land grants from the Spanish government had been largely based on verbal agreements, he once again lost his land claims. In 1809, he petitioned Congress to restore his Spanish land claims, which was finally done in 1814. He then sold most of this land to repay his old Kentucky debts. When the War of 1812 came to the Missouri Territory, his sons Daniel Morgan Boone and Nathan Boone took part, but by that time he was too old for militia duty. He spent his final years in Missouri, often in the company of children and grandchildren. He hunted and trapped as often as his failing health allowed. According to one story, in 1810 or later (one story places his trip after the death of his wife in March 1813), he went with a group on a long hunt as far west as the Yellowstone River, a remarkable journey at his age, if true. He died of natural causes on at the home of his son, Nathan Boone, Femme Osage Creek at age 85, just a few weeks short of his 86th birthday and was buried next to his wife at the Old Bryan Farm Cemetery on the bank of Tuque Creek near Marthasville, Missouri. In 1845 the Boones' remains were supposedly disinterred and reburied in the new Frankfort Cemetery in Frankfort, Kentucky. Resentment in Missouri about the disinterment grew over the years, and a legend arose that his remains never left Missouri. According to this story, his tombstone in Missouri had been inadvertently placed over the wrong grave, but no one had ever corrected the error. Boone's relatives in Missouri, displeased with the Kentuckians who came to exhume him, kept quiet about the mistake, and they allowed the Kentuckians to dig up the wrong remains. There is no contemporary evidence that this actually happened, but in 1983, a forensic anthropologist examined a crude plaster cast of Boone's skull made before the Kentucky reburial and announced it might be the skull of an African American. Black slaves had also been buried at the Old Bryan Farm Cemetery, making it possible the wrong remains were mistakenly removed from the crowded graveyard. Both the Frankfort Cemetery in Kentucky and the Old Bryan Farm cemetery in Missouri claim to have his remains. The Daniel Boone half dollar was a U.S. commemorative coin issued from 1934 to 1938 in honor of the bicentennial of his birth. The outdoor drama "Horn in the West," performed annually in Boone, North Carolina since 1952, is a fictional account of the lives of settlers whom Daniel Boone led into the Appalachian Mountains. In the "Daniel Boone" television series, which ran from 1964 to 1970, the popular theme song for the series described him as a "big man" in a "coonskin cap," and the "rippin'est, roarin'est, fightin'est man the frontier ever knew!" This did not accurately describe the real Daniel Boone, who was not a big man and did not wear a coonskin cap. He was portrayed this way because Fess Parker, the tall actor who played Boone, was essentially reprising his role as Davy Crockett from an earlier TV series. That Boone could be portrayed the same way as Crockett, another American frontiersman with a very different persona, was another example of how his image could be reshaped to suit popular tastes. The US Navy's James Madison-class Polaris submarine USS Daniel Boone was named for him. This nuclear submarine was decommissioned in 1994, and has since been scrapped. Numerous places in the US are named in his honor. (bio by: William Bjornstad)
Cemetery on the bank of Tuque Creek near Marthasville,

Back to main page

These pages have been generated by the software Oxy-Gen version 1.39s, on 16/03/2018. You can download it here.